Eureka, California

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=Eureka, California=

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Jump to: navigation, searchFor detail on historic use of the Greek exclamation "Eureka!", see Eureka (word).{| class="infobox geography vcard" style="text-align: left; width: 23em" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; width: 100%; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 1.25em"|City of Eureka !Country !State !County !Founded !Incorporated !Re-incorporated !� -� President !� -� Mayor !� -� City manager !� -� Senate !� -� Assembly !� -� Total !� -� Land !� - Water !� -� Total !� - Demonym !Time zone ! style="white-space: nowrap"|� -� Summer� (DST) !ZIP codes !Area code(s) !FIPS code !GNIS feature ID !Website Eureka is the county seat and principal city in Humboldt County, California, United States. Located adjacent to Humboldt Bay 270 miles north of San Francisco, the port city of 26,097 (2007) residents is situated near extensive preserves of the world's tallest trees - the Coast Redwoods. The city, a major player in the historic west coast lumber trade, is the site of hundreds of Victorian homes, including the Carson Mansion. This architecturally and historically significant coastal city serves as the regional center for government, health care, trade, and the arts for the far North Coast of California. {| class="toc" id="toc"
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 * colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #cddeff"|—� � City� � —
 * colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 0.7em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.8em; padding-top: 0.7em"|Aerial view: Eureka on Humboldt Bay
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 * colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Motto: Eureka! - (I have found it!)
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 * align="middle" colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Eureka shown within Humboldt Countyin the State of California
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 * colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 0.7em"|Coordinates: 40°48′07″N 124°09′49″W﻿ / ﻿40.80194°N 124.16361°W﻿ / 40.80194; -124.16361Coordinates: 40°48′07″N 124°09′49″W﻿ / ﻿40.80194°N 124.16361°W﻿ / 40.80194; -124.16361
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 * United States
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 * California
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 * Humboldt
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 * May 13, 1850 (settlement)
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 * April 18, 1856 (town)
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 * February 19, 1874 (city)
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 * colspan="2"|Government
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 * Barack Obama
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 * Virginia Bass [1 ]
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 * David Tyson
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 * Patricia Wiggins (D)
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 * Wesley Chesbro (D)
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 * colspan="2"|Area
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 * 14.4� sq� mi� (37.4� km2)
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 * 9.4� sq� mi� (24.50� km2)
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 * 5.0� sq� mi� (12.9� km2) � 34.60%
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 * Elevation
 * 44� ft (13.4� m)
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 * colspan="2"|Population (2007)
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 * 26,097
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 * � -� Density
 * 2,764.5/sq� mi� (1,067.5/km2)
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 * Eurekan
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 * Source: U.S. Census
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 * PST (UTC-8)
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 * PDT (UTC-7)
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 * class="adr"|95501, 95502, 95503
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 * 707
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 * 06-23042
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 * 0277605
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 * www.ci.eureka.ca.gov
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 * colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: smaller"|[2 ]
 * }

Contents
[ hide ]*1 History [ hide ]*1 History
 * 1.1 Native Americans
 * 1.2 Humboldt Bay
 * 1.3 Gold rush era
 * 1.4 Europeans in conflict with indigenous Native Americans
 * 1.5 Lumber and developing economy
 * 1.6 Fishing, shipping, and boating
 * 1.7 Chinese expulsion
 * 1.8 Queen City of the Ultimate West[13 ]
 * 1.9 Post World War II
 * 1.9.1 January 2010 earthquake
 * 2 Geography
 * 2.1 Climate
 * 3 Demographics
 * 4 Economy
 * 5 Government
 * 5.1 Local government
 * 5.2 State and Federal government
 * 6 Infrastructure
 * 6.1 Transportation
 * 6.2 Utilities
 * 6.3 Healthcare
 * 7 Education
 * 8 Shopping
 * 9 Arts and culture
 * 9.1 Annual cultural events
 * 9.2 Museums
 * 9.3 Architecture
 * 10 Parks and Recreation
 * 11 Media
 * 12 Notable natives and residents
 * 13 Sister cities
 * 14 See also
 * 15 Notes
 * 16 References
 * 17 Further reading
 * 18 External links
 * }
 * 1.1 Native Americans
 * 1.2 Humboldt Bay
 * 1.3 Gold rush era
 * 1.4 Europeans in conflict with indigenous Native Americans
 * 1.5 Lumber and developing economy
 * 1.6 Fishing, shipping, and boating
 * 1.7 Chinese expulsion
 * 1.8 Queen City of the Ultimate West[13]
 * 1.9 Post World War II
 * 1.9.1 January 2010 earthquake
 * 2 Geography
 * 2.1 Climate
 * 3 Demographics
 * 4 Economy
 * 5 Government
 * 5.1 Local government
 * 5.2 State and Federal government
 * 6 Infrastructure
 * 6.1 Transportation
 * 6.2 Utilities
 * 6.3 Healthcare
 * 7 Education
 * 8 Shopping
 * 9 Arts and culture
 * 9.1 Annual cultural events
 * 9.2 Museums
 * 9.3 Architecture
 * 10 Parks and Recreation
 * 11 Media
 * 12 Notable natives and residents
 * 13 Sister cities
 * 14 See also
 * 15 Notes
 * 16 References
 * 17 Further reading
 * 18 External links
 * }

[edit] History
Eureka's Pacific coastal location on Humboldt Bay adjacent to abundant Redwood forests provided a rich environment for the birth of this 19th century seaport town. Beginning more than 150 years ago, miners, loggers, and fishermen began making their mark in this pristine wilderness of the California North Coast. Before that time the area was already occupied by small groups of indigenous peoples.

[edit] Native Americans
Main article: Wiyot peopleThe Wiyot people lived in the area now known as Eureka for thousands of years prior to European arrival. They are the farthest-southwest people whose language has Algonquian roots. Their traditional coastal homeland ranged from the lower Mad River through Humboldt Bay and south along the lower basin of the Eel River. The Wiyot are particularly known for their basketry and fishery management. An extensive collection of highly evolved basketry of the areas indigenous groups exists in the Clarke Historical Museum in Old Town Eureka.

[edit] Humboldt Bay
Main article: Humboldt BayA Humboldt Bay (Woodley Island) view of Indian Island (both within the city limits) and the memorial to fishermanEuropean exploration of the coast of what would become northern California, beginning as early as 1579, repeatedly missed definitively locating Humboldt Bay for nearly three hundred years. This was due to a combination of geographic features, often aided by weather conditions, which concealed the narrow entrance from view. Despite a well-documented 1806 sighting by Russian explorers, the bay was not definitively known by Europeans until an 1849 overland exploration provided a reliable accounting of the exact location of what is the second largest bay in California.[3] The timing of this discovery would lead to the May 13, 1850 founding of the settlement of Eureka on its shore by the Union and Mendocino Exploring (development) companies.[4]

[edit] Gold rush era
Secondarily to the California Gold Rush in the Sierras, prospectors discovered gold in the nearby Trinity region (along the Trinity, Klamath, and Salmon Rivers). Because miners needed a convenient alternate to the tedious overland route from Sacramento, schooners and other vessels soon arrived on recently discovered Humboldt Bay. Though the ideal location on Humboldt Bay adjacent to naturally deeper shipping channels ultimately guaranteed Eureka's development as the primary city on the bay, Arcata's proximity to developing supply lines to inland gold mines ensured supremacy over Eureka through 1856.[5] "Eureka" is a Greek word meaning "I have found it!" This exuberant statement of successful (or hopeful) California Gold Rush miners is also the official Motto of the State of California.

[edit] Europeans in conflict with indigenous Native Americans
The first Europeans venturing into Humboldt Bay encountered the indigenous Wiyot. Records of early forays into the bay reported that the violence of the local indigenous people made it nearly impossible for landing parties to survey the area. After 1850, Europeans ultimately overwhelmed the Wiyot, whose maximum population before the Europeans was in the hundreds in the area of what would become the county's primary city. But in almost every case, settlers ultimately cut off access to ancestral sources of food in addition to the outright taking of the land despite efforts of some US Government and military officials to assist the native peoples or at least maintain peace. A tragic slaughter on Indian Island committed by a group of locals, primarily Eureka businessmen, in the spring of 1860 is detailed in the Wiyot article.[6] The chronicle of the behavior of European settlers toward the indigenous cultures locally and throughout America is presented in detail in the Fort Humboldt State Historic Park museum, on the southern edge of the city.

[edit] Lumber and developing economy
The soon to be center of commerce opened its first post office in 1853[7] just as the town began to carve its grid pattern into the edge of a forest it would ultimately consume to feed the building of San Francisco and beyond. Many of the first immigrants who arrived as prospectors were also lumbermen, and the vast potential for industry on the bay was soon realized, especially as many hopeful miners realized the difficulty and infrequency of striking it rich in the mines. By 1854, after only four years since the founding, seven of nine mills processing timber into marketable lumber on Humboldt Bay were within Eureka. A year later 140 lumber schooners operated in Humboldt Bay, supplying lumber to other booming cities along the Pacific coast.[6] Rapid growth of the lumber industry, depletion of forests located in close proximity to Humboldt Bay and technological advances led to the development of dozens of local, narrow gauge railroads to move the giant trees to dozens of lumber mills on Humboldt Bay. The Carson Mansion (1886) in Eureka's Old TownA bustling commercial district and ornate Victorians rose in proximity to the waterfront, reflecting the great prosperity experienced during this era. Hundreds of these Victorian homes remain today, of which many are totally restored and a few have always remained in their original elegance and splendor. The representation of these homes in Eureka grouped with those in nearby Arcata and the Victorian village of Ferndale are of considerable importance to the overall development of Victorian architecture built in the nation. The magnificent Carson Mansion on 2nd and M Streets, is perhaps the most spectacular Victorian in the nation. The home was built between 1884-1886 by renowned 19th Century architects Newsom and Newsom for lumber baron William M. Carson. This project was designed to keep mill workers and expert craftsman busy during a slow period in the industry. Old Town Eureka, the original downtown center of this busy city in the 19th Century, has been restored and has become a lively arts center.[8] The Old Town area has been declared an Historic District by the National Register of Historic Places. This nexus of culture behind the redwood curtain still contains much of its Victorian architecture, which, if not maintained as homes, have been transformed into scores of unique lodgings, restaurants, and small shops featuring a burgeoning cottage industry of hand-made creations from glass ware to wood burning stoves and a large variety of art created locally.

[edit] Fishing, shipping, and boating
Eureka's founding and livelihood was and remains linked to Humboldt Bay, the Pacific Ocean, and related industries, especially fishing. Salmon fisheries sprang up along the Eel River as early as 1851, and within seven years, 2,000 barrels of cured fish and 50,000 pounds of smoked salmon were processed and shipped out of Humboldt Bay annually, primarily from processing plants on Eureka's waterfront, which exist to this day. By 1858 the first of many ships built in Eureka was launched, beginning an industry that spanned scores of years. The bay is also the site of one of the west coast's largest Oyster farming operations, which began its commercial status in the nineteenth century. The Bay remains the home port to more than 200 fishing boats in two modern marinas which can berth at least 400 boats within the city limits of Eureka.[9]

[edit] Chinese expulsion
In addition to ethnic conflict with the native and Wiyot peoples, some Eurekans joined the statewide response to the increasing Chinese presence in the 1880s. Californians led the nation in the xenophobic response to the perceived large numbers of Chinese immigrants, which ultimately led to the US Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (forms of this law remained in the US Code until 1943). Economic downturns and resulting competition for jobs especially led some citizens of European descent to commit sometimes violent racist actions, especially on the Pacific coast. In February 1885, the racial tension in Eureka broke when a member of two rival Chinese gangs accidentally shot and killed a Eureka City Councilman in the crossfire between the two opposing tongs (gangs). This led to the convening of an angry mob of 600 Eurekans and resulted in the forcible, permanent expulsion of all 480 Chinese residents of Eureka's Chinatown (a one block area).[10] The expelled Chinese unsuccessfully attempted to sue for damages. In the U.S. Circuit Court case Wing Hing v. Eureka, the court noted that the Chinese owned no land and held that their other property was worthless. A citizen's committee then drafted an unofficial law decreeing: 1) That all Chinamen be expelled from the city and that none be allowed to return. 2) That a committee be appointed to act for one year, whose duty shall be to warn all Chinamen who may attempt to come to this place to live, and to use all reasonable means to prevent their remaining. If the warning is disregarded, to call mass meetings of citizens to whom the case will be referred for proper action. 3) That a notice be issued to all property owners through the daily papers, requesting them not to lease or rent property to Chinese. The anti-Chinese ordinance was not repealed until 1959.[10] [11] Among those who guarded the city jail during the height of the Sinophobic tension was future Governor of California James Gillett, himself a recent resident to the city.[12] ===[edit] Queen City of the Ultimate West[13] === The Tudorbethan style Eureka Inn (1922)In 1914 the first major, reliable land route was established between San Francisco and Eureka with the opening of the Northwestern Pacific Railroad, connecting Eureka through Willits, California to the northern shore of San Francisco Bay. With passenger rail service from San Francisco to the bustling Redwood Empire, Eureka's population of 7,300 swelled to 15,000 within ten years. By 1922 the Redwood Highway was completed, providing for the first reliable, direct overland route for automobiles from San Francisco. Eureka's transportation connection to the "outside" world had changed dramatically after more than half a century of uncomfortable stage rides (which could take weeks in winter) or treacherous steamship passage through the infamous Humboldt Bar and on the rarely pacified Pacific Ocean to San Francisco. The greatest symbol of this advance was the opening of the Eureka Inn (see photo, right), which coincided with the opening of the new road to "Frisco" (a favorite local nickname for San Francisco). The inn's history of providing quality accommodations and amenities for travelers in a style unsurpassed for its day and for decades to come is well documented. The hotel, which is currently closed, is still one of the largest lodging properties in the region. As a result of immense civic pride during this early 20th Century era of expansion, Eureka officially nicknamed itself "Queen City of the Ultimate West." The tourism industry, lodging to support it, and related marketing had been born.

[edit] Post World War II
The timber industry declined along with Pacific Northwest fisheries steadily since the 1950s. Overcutting and overfishing, increased regulation, and the creation of more parkland to preserve the remnants of once extensive virgin forests, rivers, and fisheries led to diminished profits and massive layoffs of blue collared mill workers and fisherman, beginning in earnest by the 1970s. Automation of remaining consolidated milling operations and competition from other timber markets outside the nation only hastened the process of decline in the number of jobs available in logging and related industries. The challenges resulting from this economic and resulting social upheaval were significant in the lives of many Eureka and North Coast residents. However, both the local fishing industry and the timber industry still figure large in the local and state economy, though in diminished form from the past.

For the region, Eureka remains the center for commerce, healthcare, and tourism.

[edit] January 2010 earthquake
Earthquake map and chart. Click here for current "live" map for this regionAt 16:27:38 (local time), January 9, 2010, a Richter magnitude 6.5 earthquake occurred about 33 miles offshore of Eureka. Occurring within a subduction fault associated with the interaction of three tectonic plates (Pacific, North American, and Juan de Fuca), the quake was described as a "Jumper", not a "Roller",[14] i.e., imposing mostly vertical shocks from the ground, leading to broken windows in shops, overturned shelving in homes and stores, and loss of architectural detail on a number of historic buildings. As darkness fell over the region, local hospitals were seeing mostly minor related injuries and electrical power was out over a large area, including large parts of Eureka, Arcata, site of Humboldt State University, and other more remote communities, like Ferndale. Numerous natural gas leaks were a cause for some concern, but no fires resulted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14">[15] This was the largest recent earthquake since the April 25-26, 1992 event series of magnitudes 7.2, 6.5, and 6.7, over an 18 hour period, which severely damaged some buildings and roads.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15">[16]

Another earthquake hit on Feb 4 2010. The U.S. Geological Survey reported a magnitude-6.0 quake struck at 12:20 p.m. about 35 miles northwest of the community of Petrolia and nearly 50 miles west of Eureka. The shaking was felt within a 150-mile radius, as far north as southern Oregon and as far south as Sonoma County, according to the USGS Web site.

[edit] Geography
Eureka is ideally, if remotely, situated within California's Redwood Empire region due to its proximity to exceptional natural resources. These include the spectacular coast of the Pacific Ocean, Humboldt Bay, and several rivers in addition to Redwood National and State Parks and Humboldt Redwoods State Park. The location of Eureka on U.S. 101 is 283 miles (455� km) north of San Francisco and 315 miles (507� km) north and west of Sacramento. Eureka is the closest city to the most central point of the United States' Pacific Coastline.

Eureka's port facilities - the Port of Humboldt Bay - is the largest protected deep-water port between San Francisco Bay and Puget Sound.

The city begins with its marina on one of three islands at a narrow point on the thirteen mile (19� km) long bay and increases in elevation slightly as it spreads north, south, and especially to the east. This city of mostly one and two story wooden structures (fewer than ten buildings over 5 stories) gently encroaches at least two miles (3� km) eastward into abundant, primarily Redwood and Douglas-fir second growth forests. The city has a traditional grid that generally radiates toward the points of the compass, though a correction to more accuracy in relation to the compass just east of the older downtown and residential area is noticeable.

In areas of post-1970 development, the previously completely removed forest, gulches, and ravines and their streams remain, adding considerable character to neighborhoods that because of recency in construction often lack the splendor (and occasional disrepair) of the earlier Victorian homes.

The transition between the official city limits and smaller unincorporated areas described in the demographic section is mostly not discernible. The most recently developed eastern areas include secluded developments on a golf course (as an example) among or in close proximity to extensive second growth forest. The city then gives way to hills and mountains of the rugged coast range, which quickly exceed 2,000� feet (610� m) in elevation.

[edit] Climate
Eureka's climate is cool-summer Mediterranean (Koppen climate classification Csb), characterized by mild, rainy winters and cool, dry summers, with an average temperature of 55� °F (13� °C). The all-time highest and lowest temperatures recorded in Eureka are 87� °F (31� °C) on October 26, 1993, and 20� °F (−7� °C) on January 14, 1888, respectively. Temperatures normally drop to freezing or below on only 1.7 days annually.

The area experiences coastal influence fog year round. Annual precipitation averages 38� inches (970� mm). Measurable precipitation falls on an average of 119 days each year. The wettest year was 1983 with 67.21� inches (1,707� mm) and the driest year was 1976 with 21.71� inches (551� mm). The greatest monthly precipitation was 23.21� inches (590� mm) in December 2002. The greatest 24-hour precipitation was 6.79� inches (172� mm) on December 27, 2002. Snowfall on the coast is very rare, averaging only 0.3� inches (7.6� mm); however, on February 4, 1989, 2.0� inches (51� mm) fell in Eureka and additional snow that month brought the monthly total to 3.5� inches (89� mm).

�

[edit] Demographics
Eureka-Arcata-Fortuna Micropolitan Area - Eureka is the principal city of the Eureka-Arcata-Fortuna Micropolitan Area.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16">[17]

Greater Eureka area - Eureka has a population of approximately 42,233 including the neighborhoods of Bayview, Cutten, Myrtletown, Humboldt Hill, and Pine Hill. The Greater Eureka area makes up the largest urban area on the Pacific Coast between San Francisco and Portland.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17">[18]

Eureka (city limits) - According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 14.4 square miles (37.4� km²), of which 9.4 square miles (24.50� km²) of it is land and 5.0 square miles (12.9� km²) or 34.60% of it is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 26,128 people, 10,957 households, and 5,883 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,764.5 people (1,067.5/km²). There were 11,637 housing units at an average density of 1,231.3 per square mile (475.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 82.46% White, 1.63% Black or African American, 4.21% Native American, 3.55% Asian, 0.33% Pacific Islander, 2.71% from other races, and 5.10% from two or more races. 7.77% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 10,957 households out of which 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.8% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.3% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city the population was spread out with 22.4% under the age of 18, 11.6% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,849, and the median income for a family was $33,438. Males had a median income of $28,706 versus $22,038 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,174. 23.7% of the population and 15.8% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 29.6% of those under the age of 18 and 11.1% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Eureka has a broad area of influence, which includes of all of Humboldt County and portions of Del Norte County, Mendocino County, and Trinity County, a large trading area with an estimated population of 150,000.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2007">[citation needed]

[edit] Economy
The economic base of the city was originally founded on timber and fishing and supplying gold mining efforts inland. Gold mining diminished quickly in the early years and activities of timber and fishing have also diminished, especially in the latter decades of the twentieth century. Today, the major industries are tourism, timber (in value), and healthcare and services (in number of jobs). Major employers today in Eureka include the following governmental entities: College of the Redwoods, The County of Humboldt, and the Humboldt County Office of Education. St. Joseph Hospital in Eureka is now the largest private employer in Eureka.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18">[19]

The 2000 U.S. Census indicates that 3.7% of the employed civilian population 16 years and over (totaling 20,671) worked in agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting industries. This percentage may not be indicative of the actual number of people in these professions as many are self-employed, especially in the fishing industry. The 2000 U.S. Census reported that 24.9% of the community worked in education, health care, and social services. Another 18.4% were employed by the government, while self employed workers totaled 11.2% of all workers. The unemployment rate in 2000 was 5.5% compared to the national average of 5.7% (calculated by dividing the unemployed population by the labor force). For the population 16 years and older, 42.7% were not in the labor force, while 57.3% were employed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19">[20] According to the 2000 U.S. Census, in 1999 the median household income was $25,849 and the per capita income was $16,174. Inhabitants whose income was below poverty level in 1999 were 23.7% of the population. Of the 11,637 housing units in 2000, 94.2% of the housing units were occupied, while 5.8% were vacant. Of the occupied housing units, 46.5% were owner occupied and 53.5% were renter occupied.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20">[21]

[edit] Local government
The City of Eureka has a Mayor-Council system of governance. Primary power lies with the five council members, divided up into five wards. The Mayor has the power to appoint, as well as ceremonial duties, though the job includes presiding over council meetings, meeting visiting dignitaries, and, perhaps, the most significant bully pulpit of the region.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21">[22] Official city business is administered by the Office of the City Manager. The Eureka City Council regularly meets on the 1st and 3rd Tuesdays of the month at 5:30 p.m. for closed session, and 6:30 p.m. for open session. All meetings are open to the public, with the exception of the published closed session portion. Time is allowed during every council meeting for the public to address the council. The meetings are held in the Council Chambers on the 2nd floor of Eureka City Hall at 531 "K" Street, Eureka.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22">[23]

[edit] State and Federal government
Eureka is located in the 2nd California State Senate District, represented by Democrat Pat Wiggins, and in the 1st Assembly District, represented by Democrat Patty Berg. Federally, Eureka is located in California's 1st congressional district.

[edit] Transportation
U.S. Route 101 extends north and south through the city. The route becomes city streets and speed on the route is reduced to stop and go traffic. Light signals control traffic flow through the city. The downtown is considered a fairly walkable community. State Route 299 (formerly U.S. Route 299) connects to U.S. Route 101 at the northern end of the nearby city of Arcata. Route 299 begins at that point and extends easterly to serve as the major traffic artery to the east for the community of Eureka.
 * Land

When planning a trip by road, it's best to check road conditions, as snow and mudslides occasionally cause road closures in the winter and rainy seasons, respectively. Eureka's full service airport is the Arcata-Eureka Airport, located 15� miles (24� km) north in McKinleyville. Murray Field, a general aviation airport for private and charter air service, is located within the northern city limit of Eureka adjacent Humboldt Bay. Ten miles southeast of Eureka, Kneeland Airport, also a general aviation airport, at 2,737� ft (834.2 m) elevation, provides an option for pilots choosing to avoid the prevalent marine layer at airports closer to sea level. The Humboldt Bay Harbor Recreation & Conservation District manages the resources of Humboldt Bay and its environs, including the deep water port. The port is located directly west of the city and is serviced across the bay in the community of Samoa. In addition to two deep water channel docks for large ships, several modern small craft marinas are available for private use, with a total capacity of more than 400 boats. Public bus transportation services within Eureka are provided by the Eureka Transit Service. The Redwood Transit System provides bus transportation through Eureka and connects to major towns and places outside the city, including educational institutions. Dial-A-Ride service is available through an application process.
 * Air
 * Water
 * Public

Amtrak provides Thruway Bus service to Eureka at its unstaffed bus stop. The bus service connects passengers from the northernmost coastal train station in Martinez, California and continues to southern Oregon.

Greyhound provides bus service to San Francisco from Eureka. Tickets not purchased online may also be purchased at the nearest full service station in Arcata, CA.(Note: Greyhound no longer operates from Eureka to San Francisco. One bus daily goes from San Francisco to Eureka but going back Southbound, one must depart from Arcata in the North or Rio Dell in the South).

[edit] Utilities
Eureka residents are served by Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Some reserves of natural gas are located south of the city. These and other fuels help power the Humboldt Bay Power Plant (which includes the now defunct and partially dismantled Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant). The co generation plant is scheduled to be replaced on site by new power units which will exceed the current production of 130 MW.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23">[24] The City of Eureka is the largest of the local water districts supplied by the Humboldt Bay Municipal Water District. The entire region is one of the few places in California that has historically enjoyed a significant surplus of water despite climate change. The reduction in major forest products manufacturing in recent decades has left the area with a 45 MGD surplus of industrial water.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24">[25]
 * Electricity and natural gas
 * Water

[edit] Healthcare
Eureka is the regional center for healthcare. The city is served by St. Joseph Hospital, which is the largest in the region. The hospital is operated by the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Orange and it was the first hospital opened by the order in 1920. The facility is entering a second phase of major expansion in 2008. In addition there are rehabilitation hospitals, assisted living facilities, skilled nursing facilities, and surgery centers in Eureka. Most of the doctors for the many medical specialties available on the far North Coast are located in or near Eureka, which also has the only oncology program and dialysis clinic in the region.

[edit] Education
Institutions of higher learning include the College of the Redwoods located on the south edge of the Greater Eureka Area and Humboldt State University, located just eight miles (13� km) north in Arcata. College of the Redwoods has recently developed a downtown satellite campus to augment offerings of the 270-acre (1.1� km2) campus located south of the city. Meanwhile, in 2005 Humboldt State University made public its plans to bring to the campus to Eureka. The first of these plans has been realized with the spring 2007 opening of the HSU Humboldt Bay Aquatic Center, a $4.5 million aquatic facility on Humboldt Bay in Old Town Eureka. Other plans include a new HSU Bay and Estuarine Studies Center, to be placed on the bay. This new facility will be closer to the Coral Sea (now docked at Woodley Island, Eureka), HSU's floating classroom. The new facility would be considerably larger than other existing facilities in Trinidad, twenty miles (32� km) north.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25">[26]

Eureka City Schools [1]administers the public schools of the city. These include Alice Birney Elementary, Grant Elementary, Lafayette Elementary, Washington Elementary, Winship and Zane Middle Schools, Eureka High School, Humboldt Bay High School, Zoe Barnum High School, the Eureka Adult School and Winzler Children's Center.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26">[27]

The Humboldt County Office of Education administers the Glen Paul Center in Eureka, which specializes in the educational needs of the developmentally disabled.

[edit] Shopping
The North Coast's primary shopping facility is the Bayshore Mall, located just off of Highway 101 in Eureka. The mall features over 70 stores, anchored by Kohl's and Sears. Other major shopping centers include Henderson Center, the Eureka Mall, and Old Town Eureka.

[edit] Arts and culture
Eureka is one of California's historic landmarks. The California State Historical marker, #477, designating Eureka, is located in Old Town, one of the nation's best preserved original Victorian era commercial districts. The city was voted as the #1 best small art town in John Villani's book "The 100 Best Small Art Towns In America."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27">[28] Eureka boasts the region's largest monthly cultural and arts event, "Arts' Alive!" On the first Saturday of each month more than 80 Eureka business and local galleries open their doors to the public. Often local cuisine and beverages accompany live performances by acclaimed regional bands and other types of performance art.

Theater offerings include year round productions from several various theater groups including the North Coast Repertory Theater and the Eureka Theater. Various events occur throughout the year at the Redwood Acres Fairgrounds. Art organizations include the Humboldt State University First Street Gallery, http://www.humboldtarts.org Humboldt Arts Council and Morris Graves Museum of Art], Redwood Art Association, The Ink People and the Eureka Art and Culture Commission. As a major regional center, the city offers many lodgings, restaurants, and shopping areas, including dozens of specialty shops in its historic 19th Century Old Town commercial district and the only large mall in the region.

[edit] Annual cultural events

 * Redwood Coast Jazz Festival - March
 * Rhododendron Festival - April
 * Kinetic sculpture race - May
 * Redwood Acres Fair and Rodeo - June
 * Fourth of July Celebration - July
 * College of the Redwoods Wood Fair - July
 * Blues by the Bay - August
 * Organic Planet Festival - August
 * Chicken Wingfest in Eureka - September
 * Oysters and Ale-September
 * Craftsman's Days - November
 * Mushroom Fair - November
 * Christmas Truckers Parade - December

[edit] Museums
Museums include the Clarke Historical Museum, the Humboldt Bay Maritime Museum in nearby Samoa (which operates the Madaket, an historic excursion boat operating on the bay), the Morris Graves Museum of Art, the Discovery Museum for Children, and the Blue Ox Mill. A collection of logging equipment spanning 150 years and other cultural assets abound in and around museums at Fort Humboldt State Historic Park.

[edit] Architecture
Milton Carson Home (aka the "Pink Lady"), a Queen Anne style Victorian, completed in 1889.Due to northern isolation and unfavorable economic conditions in the latter part of the twentieth century, much of the post-war redevelopment and urban renewal that other cities experienced bypassed Eureka. As a result, Eureka is resplendent with examples of 19th and early 20th century architecture and historic districts. David Gebhard, Professor of architectural history of Santa Barbara has remarked that Eureka is a west coast Williamsburg, Virginia, preserving extensive Victorian homes and public buildings, including many ornate examples of Colonial Revival, Eastlake, Greek Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, and Stick styles of Victorian architecture. All of these styles are present in the most famous and possibly most ornate of Victorian homes, the Carson Mansion (pictured above).

Approximately 16% of the city contains important historical structures. 13 distinct districts have been identified which meet the criteria for the National Register of Historic Places. Among them are the 2nd Street District (10 buildings), 15th Street district (13 buildings) and the O Street district (43 buildings). Hillsdale Street, a popular and well-preserved district, contains 17 buildings of historic interest. In all, some 1,500 buildings have been recognized as qualifying for the National Register. The Eureka Heritage Society, a local architectural preservation group founded in 1973, has been instrumental in protecting and preserving many of Eureka’s fine Victorians.

[edit] Parks and Recreation
Sequoia Park Zoo, situated on more than 50� acres (200,000� m2) of mature second-growth Redwood forest, includes Eureka's largest public playground and a duck pond in addition to meticulously kept gardens and examples of the area's many varieties of rhododendron bushes. Other parks in or near Eureka include the Humboldt Botanical Garden (slated to open in 2008) and the Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge. There is a modern boardwalk along the city's waterfront and two large marinas capable of mooring over 400 small craft.

[edit] Media
Though Eureka has been the base for two major daily newspapers at different times in its 150 years, only the Times-Standard, owned by the Colorado-based Media News Group (founded by Dean Singleton), survives, printing nearly 20,000 papers a day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28">[29] This major daily contains original local news and syndicated content on state, national and international news. The Eureka Reporter, founded in 2003, became a daily in 2006. It began publishing only five days a week at the end of 2007 and permanently closed in November 2008. Some elements of the Reporter's editorial section have been absorbed in the Times-Standard.

Media News Group also owns a weekly classified advertiser, the Tri-City Weekly. Nearby publications covering events in Eureka include a free Arcata-based weekly "of politics, people and art," The North Coast Journal, and Humboldt State University's student newspaper, The Lumberjack , as well as the unique weekly The Arcata Eye. Eureka is also home to several alternative weekly publications, including the Emerald Coast Herald, a Christian publication produced by a consortium of local churches.

Online readers can browse more than 170 Humboldt County & Eureka blogs, each with varying opinions, topics, and viewpoints from behind the Redwood Curtain.

All of Humboldt County's commercial radio stations are based in Eureka: KFMI, KRED,KSLG, KXGO, KJNY and KATA. Eureka also hosts KMUE, the local repeater for Redway-based community radio station KMUD. On August 26, 2006 the Blue Ox Millworks and School of the Traditional Arts launched KKDS-LP, a low power FM station focused on youth and community issues. On November 3, 2008, a low-power part 15 AM radio station went on the air. Old Glory Radio 1650 AM is based in the Myrtletown neighborhood of Eureka. The radio station airs the area's only daily live local call-in program in the morning. KHSU, the region's local public radio station, is broadcast from Humboldt State University in Arcata.

Only two of the county's TV stations, KIEM Ch. 3 (NBC) and KEET Ch. 13 (PBS) are based in Eureka while KVIQ Ch. 17 (CBS) and KBVU Ch. 28 (Fox), of which the latter is a partial satellite of KCVU Ch. 20 are based in Chico and KAEF Ch. 23 (ABC), a partial satellite of KRCR Ch. 7 is based in Redding.

[edit] Notable natives and residents
�
 * Aaron Abeyta (aka El Jefe), Nofx guitarist.
 * Sara Bareilles, an acclaimed singer-songwriter, pianist and recording artist, was raised in Eureka and attended Eureka Senior High School, graduating in 1998.
 * Lloyd Bridges, actor, lived in Eureka in his youth
 * Alexander Cockburn, radical journalist and columnist for The Nation magazine.
 * Trevor Dunn from Mr. Bungle, Fantomas and Secret Chiefs 3 was born and raised in Eureka.
 * Brendan Fraser, actor in movies such as Bedazzled, The Mummy, Blast from the Past
 * James Gillett, Governor of California from 1907 to 1911. Gillett resided mainly in Eureka through the 1880s to the 1900s.
 * Seth Kinman, '49er and hunter for Fort Humboldt.
 * Rey Maualuga, college football player, former starting Middle Linebacker for the University of Southern California Trojans and current Cincinnati Bengal.
 * Mike Patton, best known as the lead singer of Faith No More, Mr. Bungle and Fantomas was born and raised in Eureka.
 * Maurice Purify, NFL player for the Cincinnati Bengals.
 * Nate Quarry, fighter in the Ultimate Fighting Championship and contestant on the reality show, The Ultimate Fighter.
 * Trey Spruance, experimental music artist. Best known for his work with Mr. Bungle, Secret Chiefs 3 & Faith No More.
 * Ned Yost, former manager of the Milwaukee Brewers.
 * George McFly,� Watcher Of Science Ficton Theatrer
 * Alan Villarruel, An Mexican-American Actor
 * Largos Bills, The Prime Minster Of The United States
 * Logan Davis, Student From Alice Birney School
 * Marty McFly, Worlds First Time Traveler
 * Vigrnia Bass, The Current� Mayor Of Eureka, California
 * Doc Brown,� A Eurekan Person
 * Peter Parker, An American Spider-Man

[Edit] See also

 * Clarke Historical Museum
 * Humboldt Botanical Garden
 * Humboldt County Historical Society
 * Morris Graves Museum of Art
 * Sequoia Park Zoo
 * HSU First Street Gallery

[edit] Notes

 * 1) ^ http://www.ci.eureka.ca.gov/council/bios/mayor.asp
 * 2) ^ City of Eureka: Marina Center Mixed Use Development Project IV.L-1 ESA
 * 3) ^ Google Books, Geographic Society of the Pacific, "The Discovery of Humboldt Bay, California", p. 4-15. Retrieved online December 4, 2007
 * 4) ^ The Humboldt Bay Region 1850-1875, p. 57
 * 5) ^ Eureka: An Architectural View, p. 9
 * 6) ^ a b The Humboldt Bay Region 1850-1875
 * 7) ^ Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Quill Driver Books. p.� 57. ISBN 9781884995149.�
 * 8) ^ Travel: Northern exposure - OCRegister.com
 * 9) ^ Humboldt Bay Watershed Symposium: Current Uses of Humboldt Bay. Retrieved November 22, 2006 from http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/filelibrary/1068/10855.pdf
 * 10) ^ a b http://www.uvm.edu/~jloewen/sundowntownsshow.php?id=1044
 * 11) ^ Easthouse, K. (February 27, 2003). "The Chinese Expulsion". http://www.northcoastjournal.com/022703/cover0227.html. Retrieved November 26, 2006.�
 * 12) ^ "Californians and the Military: James Norris Gillett". California State Military Museum. http://www.militarymuseum.org/Gillett.html. Retrieved 2007-08-07.�
 * 13) ^ Eureka:An Architectural View, p.71
 * 14) ^ Radio news report, KCBS (San Francisco Bay Area)
 * 15) ^ ibid.
 * 16) ^ USGS Historic Earthquakes (Cape Mendocino)
 * 17) ^ Retrieved July 3, 2007 from http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/aboutmetro.html
 * 18) ^ City Plan SECTION 5 POPULATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
 * 19) ^ Eureka California Community Profile. Retrieved November 22, 2006 from http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/research/divisions/sd/communityprofiles/California/Eureka_CA.pdf
 * 20) ^ Table DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Statistics: 2000. Geographic Area: Eureka CA. Retrieved on November 22, 2006 from http://censtats.census.gov/data/CA/1600623042.pdf
 * 21) ^ Table DP-1. Profile of Selected Demographic Statistics: 2000. Geographic Area: Eureka CA. Retrieved on November 22, 2006 from http://censtats.census.gov/data/CA/1600623042.pdf
 * 22) ^ City Asunder:The Face of Eureka. Retrieved November 22, 2006 from http://www.northcoastjournal.com/102606/cover1026.html
 * 23) ^ City of Eureka: Mayor and City Council. Retrieved November 22, 2006 from http://www.ci.eureka.ca.gov/council/default.asp.
 * 24) ^ Post Carbon Institute, Post Carbon Cities: Helping local governments understand and respond to the challenges of peak oil and global warming. Url retrieved February 26, 2008.
 * 25) ^ Humboldt Bay Municipal Water District, Services Url retrieved February 26, 2008.
 * 26) ^ Northcoast Journal,  Out with the Tide , URL retrieved October 16, 2007
 * 27) ^ Welcome to Eureka City Schools: The Educational Leader on the North Coast. Retrieved November 22, 2006 from http://www.eurekacityschools.org/
 * 28) ^ The 100 Best Small Art Towns in America, by John Villani; ISBN 1-56261-405-3
 * 29) ^ The Eureka Reporter

[edit] References

 * The 100 Best Small Art Towns in America, by John Villani; ISBN 1-56261-405-3
 * California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names, by Erwin G. Gudde; ISBN 0520015746
 * Eureka: An Architectural View, by The Eureka Heritage Society, Inc; ISBN 0-9615004-0-9
 * The Humboldt Bay Region 1850-1875, by Owen C. Coy (Reprinted by the Humboldt County Historical Society; ISBN B0006Y3SOU

[edit] Further reading

 * History
 * Two People One Place. Ray Rahpael and Freeman House. Published by the Humboldt County Historical Society. 2007

[edit] External links
� Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka,_California"Categories: Eureka, California | Cities in California | Humboldt County, California | County seats in California | California Historical Landmarks | Settlements established in 1850 | Port settlements in the United States | Timber industry | Northern CaliforniaHidden categories: Infobox Settlement US maintenance | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007�
 * The City of Eureka's website
 * Eureka Art and Culture Commission
 * Eureka Chamber of Commerce
 * Eureka Heritage Society
 * }

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